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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Textblock_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Textblock (disambiguation)">book blocks</a>.</div>

<p><b>Block books</b> or <b>blockbooks</b>, also called <b>xylographica</b>, are short books of up to 50 leaves, <a href="Block_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing">block printed</a> in Europe in the second half of the 15th century as <a href="Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> with blocks carved to include both text (usually) and illustrations. The content of the books was nearly always religious, aimed at a popular audience, and a few titles were often reprinted in several editions using new woodcuts. Although many had believed that block books preceded <a href="Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>'s invention of <a href="Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> in the first part of the 1450s, it now is accepted that most of the surviving block books were printed in the 1460s or later, and that the earliest surviving examples may date to about 1451.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>They seem to have functioned as a cheap popular alternative to the typeset book, which was still very expensive at this stage. <a href="Single-leaf_woodcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-leaf woodcut">Single-leaf woodcuts</a> from the preceding decades often included passages of text with prayers, <a href="Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a> and other material; the block book was an extension of this form. Block books are very rare, some editions surviving only in fragments, and many probably not surviving at all.

</p><p>Some copies have added <a href="Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> on the images, added either near the time of printing or later.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>Block books are short books, 50 or fewer leaves, that were printed in the second half of the 15th century from wood blocks in which the text and illustrations were both cut. Some block books, called <b>chiro-xylographic</b> (from the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>cheir</i> (χειρ) "hand") contain only the printed illustrations, with the text added by hand. Some books also were made with the illustrations printed from woodcuts, but the text printed from movable metal type, but are nevertheless considered block books because of their method of printing (only on one side of a sheet of paper) and their close relation to "pure" block books. Block books are categorized as <a href="Incunabula" class="mw-redirect" title="Incunabula">incunabula</a>, or books printed before 1501. The only example of the block book form that contains no images is the school textbook Latin grammar of <a href="Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Donatus</a>.

</p><p>Block books were almost exclusively "devoted to the propagation of the faith through pictures and text" and "interpreted events drawn from the Bible or other sources in medieval religious thought. The woodcut pictures in all were meaningful even to the illiterate and semi-literate, and they aided clerics and preaching monks to dramatise their sermons."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2></div>

<p><a href="Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a> was invented in <a href="China" title="China">China</a> sometime during the second half of the first millennium AD, but it is disputed as to whether or not woodblock printing in Europe was a native invention or came from China. Some believe it spread from the east while others believe it was independently invented in Europe.

</p><p>There is no hard evidence that Chinese printing technology spread to Europe. However a number of authors have advanced theories in favor of a Chinese origin for European printing based on early references and circumstantial evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985303_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985303-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsien suggests that woodblock printing may have spread from China to Europe due to communications during the Mongol Empire era and based on similarities between blockprints in both areas. He suggests that European missionaries to China during the 14th century could have borrowed the practice of creating prints to be colored manually later on, which had been prevalent in China for a long time with Buddhist prints. The block books of Europe were produced using methods and materials similar to those in China and sometimes in ways contrary to prevailing European norms: European wood blocks were cut parallel with the grain in the same way as the Chinese method rather than the prevailing European practice of cutting across the grain, water-based ink was used rather than oil-based ink, only one side of the paper was printed rather than both, and rubbing rather than pressure was employed to leave the print. <a href="Robert_Curzon%2C_14th_Baron_Zouche" title="Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche">Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche</a> (1810 – 1873) held the opinion that European and Chinese block books were so similar in every way that they must have originated in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985313_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985313-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The question of whether printing originated in Europe or China was raised in the early 16th century by a <a href="Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> poet, <a href="Garcia_de_Resende" title="Garcia de Resende">Garcia de Resende</a> (1470 – 1536). <a href="Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a> (1483 – 1552), an Italian historian who had come into possession of several Chinese books and maps through <a href="Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> (1496 – 1570), claimed that printing was invented in China and spread to Europe through Russia. <a href="Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Juan González de Mendoza">Juan González de Mendoza</a> (1545 – 1618) made similar claims about printing coming from China through Russia but also added another route through Arabia by sea and that it influenced <a href="Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>. Several other authors throughout the 16th century repeated such statements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985314-316_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985314-316-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Others such as Arthur M. Hind and Joseph P. McDermott dispute the theory of Chinese printing being transmitted to Europe. Hind believes that European block printing grew out of a single woodcut which developed from block-printing on textiles while McDermott emphasizes the lack of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDermott_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Mongols planned to use printed paper currency in Persia, the scheme failed shortly thereafter. No books were printed in Persia before the 19th century and Chinese prints apparently made little impact on the region. There are no surviving printed playing cards from the Middle East while pre-1450 printed cards from medieval Europe contained no text. Although some elite Europeans were aware of printed paper money by the late 13th century, the earliest evidence that Europeans were aware of Chinese book printing only appeared in the early 16th century. McDermott argues that modern comparisons of techniques used in European and Chinese block books are ahistorical and that rather than direct transmission of technique, similarities between them were just as likely the result of convergent evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201519-24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201519-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printing_method">Printing method</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Block_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing">Block printing</a></div>

<p>Block books were typically printed as <a href="Folio_(printing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folio (printing)">folios</a>, with two pages printed on one full sheet of paper which was then folded once for binding. Several such leaves would be inserted inside another to form a gathering of leaves, one or more of which would be sewn together to form the complete book.<sup id="cite_ref-Hind,_Vol._I,_p._214_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hind,_Vol._I,_p._214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The earlier block books were printed on only one side of the paper (<b>anopisthographic</b>), using a brown or grey, water based ink. It is believed they were printed by rubbing pressure, rather than a printing press. The nature of the ink and/or the printing process did not permit printing on both sides of the paper – damage would result from rubbing the surface of the first side to be printed in order to print the second. When bound together, the one sided sheets produced two pages of images and text, followed by two blank pages. The blank pages were ordinarily pasted together, so as to produce a book without blanks – the Chinese had reached the same solution to the problem. In the 1470s, an oil based ink was introduced permitting printing on both sides of the paper (<b>opisthographic</b>) using a regular printing press.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_p._46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Block books often were printed using a single wood block that carried two pages of text and images, or by individual blocks with a single page of text and image.<sup id="cite_ref-Hind,_Vol._I,_p._214_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hind,_Vol._I,_p._214-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_p._46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illustrations commonly were colored by hand.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_and_locations_of_printing">Dates and locations of printing</h2></div>

<p>Block books are almost always undated and without statement of printer or place of printing. Determining their dates of printing and relative order among editions has been an extremely difficult task. In part because of their sometimes crude appearance, it was generally believed that block books dated to the first half of the 15th century and were precursors to printing by movable metal type, invented by Gutenberg in the early 1450s. The style of the woodcuts was used to support such early dates, although it is now understood that they may simply have copied an older style. Early written reports relating to "printing" also suggested, to some, early dates, but are ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-Allan_H._Stevenson_1967_p._83_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan_H._Stevenson_1967_p._83-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Written notations of purchase and <a href="Rubrication" title="Rubrication">rubrication</a> dates, however, lead scholars to believe that the books were printed later.<sup id="cite_ref-Allan_H._Stevenson_1967_p._83_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan_H._Stevenson_1967_p._83-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm Ludwig Schreiber, a leading nineteenth-century scholar of block books, concluded that none of the surviving copies could be dated before 1455-60.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Allan_H._Stevenson" title="Allan H. Stevenson">Allan H. Stevenson</a>, by comparing the watermarks in the paper used in blockbooks with watermarks in dated documents, concluded that the "heyday" of blockbooks was the 1460s, but that at least one dated from about 1451.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_p._46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Block books printed in the 1470s were often of cheaper quality. Block books continued to be printed sporadically up through the end of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_p._46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One block book is known from about 1530, a collection of Biblical images with text, printed in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most of the earlier block books are believed to have been printed in the Netherlands, and later ones in Southern Germany, likely in <a href="Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, <a href="Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, and <a href="Schwaben" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwaben">Schwaben</a>, among a few other locales.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2></div>

<p>A 1991 census of surviving copies of block books identifies 43 different "titles" (some of which may include different texts).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a small number of texts were very popular and together account for the great majority of surviving copies of block books. These texts were reprinted many times, often using new woodcuts copying the earlier versions. It is generally accepted that the Apocalypse was the earliest block book, one edition of which Allan H. Stevenson dates to c. 1450–52.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a partial list of texts, with some links to digitized online copies:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1040</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio (printmaking)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1430</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1440</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1515</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1642</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">Relief printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1690</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Aquatint" title="Aquatint">Aquatint</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1772</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1796</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">Chromolithography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1837</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">Rotary press</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1843</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Hectograph" title="Hectograph">Hectograph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1860</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">Offset printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1875</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">Hot metal typesetting</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1884</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Mimeograph" title="Mimeograph">Mimeograph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Daisy_wheel_printing" title="Daisy wheel printing">Daisy wheel printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1889</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Photostat_machine" title="Photostat machine">Photostat and rectigraph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1907</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screen printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1911</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Spirit_duplicator" title="Spirit duplicator">Spirit duplicator</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1923</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix printing">Dot matrix printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Xerography" title="Xerography">Xerography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Spark_printing" title="Spark printing">Spark printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">Inkjet printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Dye-sublimation_printing" title="Dye-sublimation printing">Dye-sublimation</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">Laser printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">Thermal printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1972</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">Solid ink printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Thermal-transfer_printing" title="Thermal-transfer printing">Thermal-transfer printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">Digital printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1991</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<ul><li><b>Apocalypsis Sancti Johannis cum figuris</b>, the <a href="Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>, containing scenes and text from the Apocalypse and the apocryphal life of St. John.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-INC-00003-04245/1">Germany, 1450–1452, Cambridge Digital Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039962/images/index.html">Netherlands, 1465-70, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039963/images/index.html">Germany, 1468-70, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00038687/images/index.html">Germany, 1468-70, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><b>Ars Memorandi per figuras evangelistarum</b>, an anonymous work with mnemonic images of events in the Four Gospels.

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00038187/images/index.html">Southern Germany (?), after 1470?, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00038188/images/index.html">Southern Germany (?), after 1470?, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00038193/images/index.html">Southern Germany (?), possibly Nuremberg or Schwaben, c. 1470-75, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Ars_Moriendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars Moriendi">Ars Moriendi</a></b>, the "Art of Dying", offering advice on the protocols and procedures of a good death.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first edition of this work has been called "the great masterpiece of the Netherlandish blockbooks."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/schbib/index.html">Netherlands, c. 1465, Library of Congress</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039966/images/index.html">South German, possibly Ulm, c. 1475, Bavarian State Library</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Biblia_Pauperum" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblia Pauperum">Biblia Pauperum</a></b> or "Bible of the Poor", a comparison of Old and New Testament stories with images, "probably intended for the poor (or lesser) clergy rather than for the poor layman (or the unlearned)."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039018/images/index.html">Netherlands or Niederrhein, 1460-65, Schweinfurt, Bibliothek Otto Schäfer</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039822/images/index.html">Netherlands, 1460-63, Schweinfurt, Bibliothek Otto Schäfer</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039967/images/index.html">Nuremberg, 1472, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Canticum Canticorum</a></b> or Song of Songs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039968/images/index.html">Germany, c. 1469-70, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00038170/images/index.html">Germany, c. 1469-70, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a> Ars minor</b>, a popular text of the parts of speech and the only exclusively textual work to be printed as a block book.

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00038682/images/index.html">Rheinland (?), before 1475?, Bavarian State Library</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b>Exercitium Super Pater Noster</b>, containing woodcuts and text interpreting the <a href="Lord's_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b><a href="Speculum_Humanae_Salvationis" title="Speculum Humanae Salvationis">Speculum Humanae Salvationis</a></b> or "Mirror of Man's Salvation". Only one pure block book edition was printed; other editions have the text printed by metal type, but printed on only one side of the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00039971/images/index.html">Netherlands, c. 1468-79, Bavarian State Library</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Dance_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance of Death">Dance of Death</a></b>, depicting dancing skeletons appearing before their victims from various classes, trades and professions, was the subject of a few block books, the most famous of which is at <a href="Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00038191/images/index.html">South Germany(?), 1465-60(?), Bavarian State Library</a>.</li></ul></li>

<li><b>The Fable of the Sick Lion</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>Other works</b>

<ul><li>In addition to the above texts, block books include some calendars and almanacs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2></div>

<p>Because of their popular nature, few copies of block books survive today, many existing only in unique copies or even fragments. Block books have received intensive scholarly study and many block books have been digitized and are available online.

</p><p>The following institutions have important collections of block-books (the number of examples includes fragments or even single leaves and is taken from <a href="#BB">Sabine Mertens et al., Blockbücher des Mittelalters, 1991</a>, pp. 355–395, except where a footnote provides another source):

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>, Paris. 49 examples.</li>

<li><a href="Bavarian_State_Library" title="Bavarian State Library">Bavarian State Library</a>, Munich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222005533/http://www.bsb-muenchen.de/Block-Books.1496+M5d4eb955a1d.0.html">46 examples.</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London. 44 examples.</li>

<li><a href="Morgan_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Library">Morgan Library</a>, New York. 24 examples.</li>

<li><a href="Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin" title="Kupferstichkabinett Berlin">State Museum Kupferstichkabinett (Print room)</a>, Berlin. 20 examples.</li>

<li><a href="John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a>, Manchester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402010642/http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/specialcollections/collections/guide/atoz/incunabula/">17 examples.</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>, Vienna. 16 examples.</li>

<li><a href="University_Library_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University Library Heidelberg">University Library Heidelberg</a>. 12 examples.</li>

<li><a href="Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, Den Haag. 11 examples.</li>

<li><a href="Herzog_August_Bibliothek" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzog August Bibliothek">Herzog August Bibliothek</a>, Wolfenbüttel. 11 examples.</li>

<li><a href="Lessing_Rosenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Lessing Rosenwald">Lessing Rosenwald</a> collection in the <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 10 examples.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Maximilian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Maximilian University">Ludwig Maximilian University Library</a>, Munich. 10 examples.</li>

<li><a href="Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blockbooks_survivors">8 examples.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215928/http://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blockbooks_survivors">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Biblioteca_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca de Catalunya">Biblioteca de Catalunya</a>, Barcelona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100622130116/http://www.bnc.cat/fons/detall.php?id=40">Three woodblocks used to print 16th century block books</a> and one printed <a href="Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Nigel F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-INC-00003-04245/1">"Apocalypsis Sancti Johannis cum figuris"</a>. <i>cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk</i>. Cambridge Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilson">Wilson</a>, p. 109.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985303-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985303_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 303.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985313-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985313_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 313.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985314-316-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985314-316_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 314-316.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McDermott-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDermott_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2015" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Joseph P., ed. (2015). <i>The Book Worlds of East Asia and Europe, 1450–1850: Connections and Comparisons</i>. Hong Kong University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-988-8208-08-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201519-24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott201519-24_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2015">McDermott 2015</a>, p. 19-24.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Carter_p._46-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_p._46_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Carter">Carter</a> p. 46.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Allan_H._Stevenson_1967_p._83-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_H._Stevenson_1967_p._83_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_H._Stevenson_1967_p._83_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan H. Stevenson, <i>The Quincentennnial of Netherlandish Blockbooks</i>, <i><a href="British_Museum_Quarterly" title="British Museum Quarterly">British Museum Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 31, No. 3/4 (Spring 1967), p. 83.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevenson">Stevenson</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Catalog of Gifts of Lessing J. Rosenwald to the Library of Congress, 1943 to 1975</i>, Library of Congress, Washington, 1977, no. 28.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/ausgaben/uni_ausgabe.html?recherche=ja&ordnung=sig&projekt=1236933450&l=en">List of block books from several Bavarian libraries</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#BB">Blockbücher als Mittelalters</a>, pp. 396-412.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilson">Wilson</a>, p. 91 n.4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stevenson">Stevenson</a>, pp. 239-341.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilson">Wilson</a>, p. 98.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wilson">Wilson</a>, p. 93.</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dodedans.com/Eheid.htm">Heidelberg University's Dance of Death</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard S. Field, <i>The Fable of the Sick Lion: a Fifteenth-Century Blockbook,</i>, Catalog for exhibition, Davidson Art Center, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 1974.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Catalog of Gifts of Lessing J. Rosenwald to the Library of Congress, 1943 to 1975</i>, Library of Congress, Washington, 1977, pp.9-11. <a href="#BB">Sabine Mertens et al., Blockbücher des Mittelalters, 1991</a> records only 9 examples.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blockbooks_home">Bodleian Library</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnc.cat/fons/detall.php?id=40">Biblioteca de Catalunya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100622130116/http://www.bnc.cat/fons/detall.php?id=40">Archived</a> 22 June 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="Carter"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203182538/http://www.ilab.org/images/abcforbookcollectors.pdf">John Carter, <i>An ABC for Book Collectors</i>, Oak Knoll Books, Delaware, and British Library, London (8th ed. 2006)</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="Hind"> Arthur M. Hind, <i>An Introduction to a History of Woodcut</i>, Dover Publications, New York, 1963 (reprint of 1935 ed.). </cite></li>

<li><cite id="Wilson"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7v19p1w6;brand=eschol">Adrian Wilson & Joyce Lancaster Wilson, <i>A Medieval Mirror: Speculum Humanae Salvationis 1324–1500</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1985</a>. </cite></li>

<li><cite id="BB"> Sabine Mertens et al., <i>Blockbücher des Mittelalters: Bilderfolgen als Lektüre:Gutenberg-Museum, Mainz, 22. Juni 1991 bis 1. September 1991 </i>, Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 1991. </cite> Catalog of exhibition of block books, with a census of all known copies.</li>

<li><cite id="Stevenson"> Allan Stevenson, <i>The Problem of the Blockbooks</i>, in <a href="#BB">Sabine Mertens et al., Blockbücher des Mittelalters, 1991</a>, pp. 229-262, based on a typewritten text from 1965-1966. </cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTsien1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</a> (1985), <i>Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 1: Paper and Printing</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-08690-6</bdi></cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div>

<ul><li>Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin,<i>The Coming of the Book The Impact of Printing 1450-1800,</i> Chapter 2, Editions Albin Michel, Paris, 1958 (French) Verso, London, 1976 (English)</li>

<li>Wilhelm Ludwig Schreiber, <i>Un catalogue des livres xylographiques et xylo-chirographiques,</i> published as volume IV of Manuel de l'amateur de la gravure sur boie et sur métal au XVe siècle, Berlin, 1902 (reprinted Kraus 1969). <b>The standard catalog.</b></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Block-books" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Block-books">Block-books</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831203401/http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Blockb%C3%BCcher">Wikisource Blockbücher -- Links to many on line digitised block books (in German)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313182748/http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/ausgaben/uni_ausgabe.html?recherche=ja&ordnung=alpha&projekt=1236933450&l=en">Sixty-six digitized block books from several Bavarian libraries, alphabetical list</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504115405/http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/ausgaben/uni_ausgabe.html?sortjahr=14&recherche=ja&ordnungsname=alpha&projekt=1236933450">Same, chronological list</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/rosenwald-block.html">Digitized blockbooks from the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection</a>, From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bvbm1.bib-bvb.de/R/?func=collections&collection_id=1365&local_base=SBG">Digitized blockbooks</a> from the <a href="Bamberg_State_Library" title="Bamberg State Library">Bamberg State Library</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diglit.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cpg34/0001?sid=4754486c9f95f6a6d4e3472337b92256">Heidelberg University digitized volume</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950683#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1592" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950683#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1592" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007178-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014903">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Livres xylographiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942245p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Livres xylographiques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942245p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="blokové knihy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph728933&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283242705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/012802">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/dbacf21b-28d4-4044-af91-add3a19a11a9">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Books361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li>

<li><a href="Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li>

<li><a href="Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a>

<li><a href="Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Bookworm" title="Bookworm">Bibliophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li>

<li>Furniture

<ul><li><a href="Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li>

<li><a href="Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Library" title="Library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a>

<ul><li><a href="Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_bookbinding" title="Traditional Chinese bookbinding">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_publishing_in_Pakistan" title="Book publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Genres

<ul><li><a href="Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Novel" title="Novel">novel</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaginary_book" title="Imaginary book">imaginary</a></li>

<li><a href="Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li>

<li><a href="Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li>

<li>Formats

<ul><li><a href="Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_books%2C_manuscripts%2C_documents_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li>

<li><a href="World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ABooks" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</p></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-25" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Block_book&oldid=1302456412">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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